Technology

Optimising eDNA

Precision and Innovation

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is rapidly transforming how we monitor and understand microbial life, and we’re at the forefront of leveraging this powerful tool to build a healthier world. At Resistomap, our eDNA analysis services are built on high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) technology—a choice driven by two critical advantages: its exceptional quality and precision, combined with the ability to generate high-throughput, quantifiable data suitable for time-series analysis.

As antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to pose a serious global challenge, eDNA is emerging as an essential tool in confronting it. On this page, you can get a glimpse into how we utilise advanced molecular technology to harness eDNA, delivering the most comprehensive AMR monitoring service available today.

At the core

The high-throughput qPCR method

The workhorse of our service is HT-qPCR technology, a method designed to quantify genes with both precision and efficiency. This high-throughput approach allows us to screen hundreds of targets simultaneously, detecting ARGs even at low abundance within complex environmental samples.

Unlike standard qPCR, HT-qPCR uses an array-based format that, with high sensitivity and specificity, can quantify multiple genes across hundreds of samples in parallel. This makes it particularly valuable for AMR monitoring, enabling the detection of meaningful changes in resistance gene profiles over time and revealing broader trends. By providing quantifiable, reproducible results, HT-qPCR supports a wide range of applications, from research and surveillance to informed decision-making across environmental, agricultural, industrial, and health-related settings.

Find out more about the technology at TakaraBio's website

Cloud based biosecurity platform

To make the most of the data generated through HT-qPCR analysis, results are explored using the Resistomap Platform — a cloud-based tool for antimicrobial resistance surveillance and reporting. The platform includes four interactive views: the Antibiotic Resistance Gene Index (ARGI), Reduction, and Risk view, as well as a dedicated Research view for more detailed gene-level exploration.

These views allow users to examine results over time, across locations, and at the gene level, with flexible visualisation options for both exploration and reporting. Whether monitoring public health, evaluating treatment processes, or supporting environmental protection efforts, the platform transforms complex qPCR data into meaningful insights.

Protocols supported by robotic precision

Our commitment to reliable data starts in the laboratory, where each sample is processed according to rigorous protocols designed for precision and consistency.

We utilise automation wherever possible, with robotics handling key tasks like pipetting primers and preparing dilutions to minimise variation and ensure uniform processing. Before this, DNA quality and concentration are assessed using spectrophotometry, ensuring that every sample enters the workflow under standardised conditions for accurate and comparable results across studies, locations and time.

The next section provides a general overview of our workflow and the key steps involved in delivering the service.

lab processes

DNA Extraction (Optional)
For clients without in-house capacity for DNA extraction, we offer a reliable extraction service using validated commercial DNA extraction kits optimised for AMR monitoring in water and wastewater samples.

When needed, we can also supply appropriate sampling tools, including filters designed to capture bacterial material from environmental samples. After sampling, the filters are shipped to our laboratory in climate-controlled packaging or on dry ice to preserve integrity.

Once received, DNA is extracted using standardised protocols supported by state-of-the-art robotics to maximise precision, consistency, and yield, ensuring high-quality material for downstream qPCR analysis.
DNA quality control:
Before each HT-qPCR array run, we carry out quality control on a subset of DNA samples from every analysis batch. Spectrophotometry and fluorometry are used to assess DNA concentration and purity, ensuring samples meet the standards required for high-throughput analysis.

When DNA extraction is performed in-house, any necessary adjustments — such as purification or dilution — are handled as part of our workflow. For customer-provided DNA, we review quality metrics and, if needed, offer these additional services to optimise sample readiness. This ensures that each run is carried out under the best possible conditions, safeguarding the reliability of results and the value of the analysis.
Gene customisations:
Our service supports flexible and targeted gene analysis, with the capacity to measure up to 384 genes in each HT-qPCR array run. Every analysis is performed in three technical replicates to ensure reliability and reproducibility of the results.

Gene targets typically include the 16S rRNA gene as a positive control, a broad range of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) — such as those conferring resistance to:
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Beta Lactams (incl. Carbapenem & Cephalosporin)
  • Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B (MLSB)
  • Amphenicols
  • Trimethoprim
  • Sulfonamide
  • Tetracyclines
  • Vancomycin
  • Multidrug efflux pumps
  • As well as genes related to antiseptic and mercury resistance, bacitracin, nisin, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) including integrons.
You can choose from over 600 validated primer sets, allowing the analysis to be tailored to your research objectives or operational requirements.

Custom configurations are available for an additional fee, with flexible options ranging from broad panels (e.g. 296 genes across 5 samples) to high-throughput formats (e.g. 6 genes across 256 samples). We provide an ARG selection sheet to support gene selection during the planning phase of your project.
The Resistomap Biosecurity Platform
Customers can access results and insights from the analysis through the Resistomap Platform — our secure, cloud-based environment for exploring and reporting AMR data. The platform is designed to make complex qPCR outputs easier to interpret, offering interactive views that support both in-depth research and high-level monitoring.

The platform includes four main views:
  • Research View allows users to explore results at the gene level, including gene detection, relative abundance, and presence/absence across samples. Visualisation options include heatmaps, bar charts, and exportable tables, enabling comparative analysis across genes, timepoints, or sample types.
  • Resistance Index View presents the Antibiotic Resistance Gene Index (ARGI) — a standardised, comparable metric for evaluating overall resistance levels across environments, based on the mean relative abundance of a selected set of highly relevant ARGs.
  • Comparative Risk View offers a comparative overview of AMR-related risks across locations, combining data on ARGs, mobile genetic elements, and selected pathogen markers. The score accounts for sample type and potential exposure pathways to support prioritisation and decision-making.
  • Gene Reduction View is designed to track changes in AMR gene abundance over time or between sampling points, helping to assess the effectiveness of interventions such as treatment processes or infrastructure upgrades.

Together, these views enable users to investigate trends, monitor changes, and communicate findings with clarity. Raw data can also be delivered separately for integration into your own analysis workflows, if preferred.

The impacts of unchecked AMR are wide-ranging and extremely costly, not only financially but also in terms of global health, food security, environmental well-being and socioeconomic development. Left alone, AMR poses a major threat to delivery of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

World Health Organisation

Monitor antibiotic resistance today and make an impact on tomorrow

Contact us to consult how our services can benefit your organisation

FAQs

Find answers to the most common questions about our monitoring service process, gene selection, DNA concentrations and other important information.

See all FAQs
Which genes do you measure? Can we choose the target genes?

We have over 600 previously validated primer sets available in our database. A single SmartChip analysis can measure up to 384 genes. Our database includes assays targeting:

  • Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including:
    • aminoglycoside, amphenicol, beta-lactam, florfenicol, multidrug efflux pumps, macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLSB), trimethoprim, tetracycline, and vancomycin
  • Genes targeting other antibacterials, such as:
    • nisin, bacitracin, antiseptics, and mercury
  • Genes associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and integrons

Each SmartChip analysis also includes the 16S rRNA gene, which is required for our relative abundance calculations.

You can customise the target genes for your project. We will provide a list of available assays for selection during project planning. Please note that the 16S rRNA gene must be selected.

The customisation options for chip analysis are:

  • 6 genes: 256 samples
  • 12 genes: 128 samples
  • 24 genes: 72 samples
  • 36 genes: 48 samples
  • 48 genes: 36 samples
  • 54 genes: 32 samples
  • 72 genes: 24 samples
  • 80 genes: 21 samples
  • 96 genes: 18 samples
  • 120 genes: 14 samples
  • 144 genes: 12 samples
  • 216 genes: 8 samples
  • 248 genes: 6 samples
  • 296 genes: 5 samples
  • 384 genes: 4 samples
Do you detect pathogens?

Yes, at the moment we have 26 primer sets available to target certain taxonomy group of bacteria and pathogens.

Which sample types do you accept?

We accept all types of samples, e.g., soil, sediment, sludge, manure, stool, meat, tissue, swabs, river, lake, wastewater, and seawater.

How long is the analysis process?

We deliver analysis results within 10 working days. For three or more chips, the analysis process may take longer.

What services do you offer?

In Resistomap we provide antibiotic resistance monitoring services starting from sampling to the final analysis of the SmartChip qPCR results.

Are you working in LMICs?

Contact us to consult how we can support projects for AMR monitoring in the environment.